Advancing Water Resilience in Climate Action: The evolution of Nepal’s NDCs

Nepal ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016. As a signatory, Nepal must share its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under Article 3 every 5 years. The agreement guides Nepal towards a low-carbon, climate-resilient development pathway and accessing the essential international financial support. This is crucial for a climate-vulnerable country like Nepal, which only contributes 0.027% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

In May 2025, the government submitted its third NDC (GoN, 2025), with a more comprehensive, system-wide decarbonization plan. Against this backdrop, this technical brief examines the evolution of Nepal’s NDCs through a comparative analysis, specifically assessing how water resilience is integrated into both mitigation and adaptation planning across the three policy cycles.

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